Europe's shift from fossil fuel-based electricity to renewable sources has reduced environmental problems while also cutting the greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change, the European Environment Agency (EEA) says.
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Renewable power generation in the European Union has nearly doubled since 2005, producing 34 per cent of EU electricity in 2019 compared with the 38 per cent produced by fossil fuels like coal and gas.
The EU's switch from fossil fuel-based power production to sources like wind and solar since 2005 has "significantly decreased" emissions, while also yielding "clear improvements" in key environmental challenges, the EEA, an EU agency, said in a study.
These include soil acidification, eutrophication - where freshwater becomes overloaded with nutrients, causing algal blooms and low oxygen levels - and the formation of particulate matter, a type of air pollution linked to 379,000 deaths in Europe in 2018.
"By substituting more polluting fossil fuels, expanding renewable electricity generation across the EU provides multiple opportunities to improve human health and the environment while mitigating climate change," the EEA said.
The agency studied 16 power generation methods, of which coal, natural gas and oil had the biggest life-cycle impacts on the environment.
"Coal generation has by far the highest impact intensity overall, leading to most impacts across the categories that we looked at and across all years," EEA energy and environment expert Mihai Tomescu said.
Still, renewable energy sources are not zero impact. Producing power by incinerating waste can affect freshwater ecotoxicity, while biomass energy is associated with intensified land occupation and the formation of particulate matter, albeit a tiny amount compared with that produced by coal, the EEA said.
Meeting EU emissions-cutting goals will require an even faster expansion of renewable sources, requiring a power sector based 70 per cent on renewables by 2030.
Given this expected growth, the EU will need to tackle the potential environmental impacts of renewables, EEA said.
For example, better reuse of materials could curb the environmental impact of mining the metals and purifying the silicon used to make solar PV panels.
Australian Associated Press
