Scientists have mapped the genome of the Komodo dragon, finding intriguing secrets behind the impressive speed and endurance these cold-blooded predators muster by ratcheting up their metabolism to mammal-like levels.
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Researchers say they pinpointed crucial genetic adaptations that may underpin the tenacity of the world's largest lizards that inhabit Indonesian islands including Komodo.
The dragons can bring down prey as big as a water buffalo with a venomous bite.
Komodo dragons reach up to about three metres long, possess curved and serrated teeth, a yellow forked tongue, strong limbs and a long tail.
"This is an apex predator living on isolated islands, and it's absolutely gigantic. It's just an awesome animal," said Benoit Bruneau, director of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, one of the senior authors of the study published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.
"Reptiles are kind of like a playground for evolution. There is so much diversity in size and form and behaviour and their physiology," Bruneau added.
The team sequenced the genome using blood samples of two Komodo dragons housed at Zoo Atlanta, named Slasher and Rinca.
The researchers discovered genetic adaptations involving the function of the mitochondria, the power generators of cells that are critical in governing the function of cardiac and other muscles, that may amplify the lizard's aerobic capacity.
As cold-blooded creatures, reptiles typically lack in aerobic capacity, rapidly becoming exhausted after physical exertions, unlike warm-blooded mammals. Komodo dragons, an exception among reptiles, can achieve near-mammalian metabolism.
The researchers also found adaptations involving genes that control chemical sensors involved in an advanced sensory system that lets Komodo dragons detect hormones, the body's chemical messengers, and pheromones, chemicals released particularly by mammals that serve as cues to other members of their species.
These adaptations may help Komodo dragons find prey over long distances, added study co-author Katherine Pollard, director of the Gladstone Institute of Data Science & Biotechnology.
One component of the Komodo dragon's venom is an anti-coagulant compound that prevents the victim's blood from clotting, causing it to bleed to death. The researchers found adaptations in Komodo dragon genes involved in coagulation that make these lizards immune from the venom anti-coagulant, protecting them from bleeding to death when attacked by another of their own species.
"When two males are fighting one another," Bruneau said, "it is one impressive show of force."
Australian Associated Press
