Critics are accusing the British publisher of Roald Dahl's classic children's books of censorship after it removed colourful language from works such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Matilda to make them more acceptable to modern readers.
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A review of new editions of Dahl's books now available in bookstores shows that some passages relating to weight, mental health, gender and race were altered.
The changes made by Puffin Books, a division of Penguin Random House, first were reported by Britain's Daily Telegraph newspaper.
Augustus Gloop, Charlie's gluttonous antagonist in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, which originally was published in 1964, is no longer "enormously fat", just "enormous".
In the new edition of Witches, a supernatural female posing as an ordinary woman may be working as a "top scientist or running a business" instead of as a "cashier in a supermarket or typing letters for a businessman".
The word "black" was removed from the description of the terrible tractors in 1970s The Fabulous Mr Fox. The machines are now simply "murderous, brutal-looking monsters".
Booker Prize-winning author Salman Rushdie was among those who reacted angrily to the rewriting of Dahl's words.
Rushdie lived in hiding for years after Iran's Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1989 issued a fatwa calling for his death because of the alleged blasphemy in his novel The Satanic Verses. He was attacked and seriously injured last year at an event in New York state.
"Roald Dahl was no angel but this is absurd censorship,'' Rushdie wrote on Twitter. "Puffin Books and the Dahl estate should be ashamed.''
The changes to Dahl's books mark the latest skirmish in a debate over cultural sensitivity as campaigners seek to protect young people from cultural, ethnic and gender stereotypes in literature and other media.
Critics complain revisions to suit 21st century sensibilities risks undermining the genius of great artists and preventing readers from confronting the world as it is.
Regardless of his personal failings, fans of Dahl's books celebrate his use of sometimes dark language that taps into the fears of children, as well as their sense of fun.
The Roald Dahl Story Company, which controls the rights to the books, said it worked with Puffin to review the texts because it wanted to ensure that "Dahl's wonderful stories and characters continue to be enjoyed by all children today".
The language was reviewed in partnership with Inclusive Minds, a collective which is working to make children's literature more inclusive and accessible.
Any changes were "small and carefully considered", the company said.
It said the analysis started in 2020, before Netflix bought the Roald Dahl Story Company and embarked on plans to produce a new generation of films based on the author's books.
"When publishing new print runs of books written years ago, it's not unusual to review the language used alongside updating other details, including a book's cover and page layout,'' the company said.
"Our guiding principle throughout has been to maintain the storylines, characters, and the irreverence and sharp-edged spirit of the original text."
Puffin didn't immediately respond to requests for comment.
Dahl died in 1990 at the age of 74. His books, which have sold more than 300 million copies, have been translated into 68 languages and continue to be read by children around the world. But he is also a controversial figure because of antisemitic comments made throughout his life.
The Dahl family apologised in 2020, saying it recognised the "lasting and understandable hurt caused by Roald Dahl's antisemitic statements".
Regardless of his personal failings, fans of Dahl's books celebrate his use of sometimes dark language that taps into the fears of children, as well as their sense of fun.
Laura Hackett, a childhood Dahl fan who is now deputy literary editor of London's Sunday Times newspaper, had a more personal reaction to the news.
"The editors at Puffin should be ashamed of the botched surgery they've carried out on some of the finest children's literature in Britain," she wrote.
"As for me, I'll be carefully stowing away my old, original copies of Dahl's stories, so that one day my children can enjoy them in their full, nasty, colourful glory."
